Reference styles

A brief overview of the most common reference styles.

AMA Style (American Medical Association)
This numerical system is used in many disciplines around the world, especially in medical studies. The University of Illinois has published an AMA Manual of Style.

APA Style (American Psychological Association)
APA Style, also known as APA format, is the most common reference style in the Netherlands and also used around the world. More information is available on this page.

Chicago Style
Chicago Style is a numerical system mainly used in the humanities. The University of Utrecht offers a libguide of this style in English.

Harvard Style
Referencing style with multiple variants that is particularly popular in economics. Click on the title for a guide by the University of Bristol.

IEEE Editorial Style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
This numerical system is based on the Chicago style and used a lot in technical studies;
based on Chicago Style.

MLA Style (Modern Language Association)
Like APA, MLA Style is an author-page citation system and is used mainly in language courses. The University of Utrecht offers a libguide of this style in English.

Vancouver Style
Numeric system developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. The University of Utrecht offers a libguide of this numerical style in English.